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1	IBM response to the new Ethernet
2	protocol's openness. By connecting all
3	the computers in a ring or star
4	configuration, the local area network
5	
6	Figure 1 Token Ring Topology
7	
8	(LAN) facilitates the transfer of data between hosts. By limiting who can send data
9	on a network to hosts that have tokens and releasing tokens only after data receipt
10	is verified, this protocol helps to avoid information packet collisions.
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13	
14	In October 1985, IBM introduced their Token Ring technology, which operated at
15	4 Mbit/s. The ANSI/IEE standard 802.5 was based on the star-wired physical
16	topology that was used over shielded twisted-pair cabling. In the end, a 16 Mbit/s
17	Token Ring was standardized, and since it was about to expire, it was raised to 100
18	Mbit/s. Token ring LANs were favored by many scientists over Ethernet, which was
19	only recently invented. Nevertheless, Ethernet offered more affordable networking
20	techniques, which contributed to the near extinction of commercial token ring
21	systems by the 2000s.
22	• Fiber Distributed Data Interface
23	Optical fiber is used by the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) to transmit data
24	within a local area network (LAN). With speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s, it completely
25	outperformed ARCNET. Although it employs a protocol developed from the IEEE
26	802.4 token bus timed token protocol rather than the IEEE 802.5 standard, FDDI is
27	a ring-based token network. Additionally, the data network technology has a broad
28	coverage area of up to 120 miles.
29	When Ethernet was still in its infancy and could only provide 10 Mbit/s in the 1990s,
30	FDDI and its copper-based later cousin, CDDI, were widely used. However,
31	following the 1998 release of the more affordable and faster Gigabit Ethernet, the
32	majority of FDDI systems have been totally superseded by Ethernet.
33	• The Rise of the Ethernet
34	Bob Metcalfe created Ethernet at Xerox PARC in 1973, although it wasn't patented
35	until 1975. It took a further five years to standardize the open Ethernet protocol,
36	which became IEEE 802.3 in 1983. With initial speeds of 2.94 Mbit/s, the first
37	Ethernet system employed coaxial cable as a shared medium. Ethernet has advanced
38	throughout time to include switches and twisted pair or fiber optic cables, enabling
39	a speed rise to a scorching 40 Gb/s.
40	When Ethernet adapted to new cable types including twisted pair and fiber optic
41	cables, it provided a less expensive option to many earlier networking technologies.
42	The kinds of cables they might use were restricted by other standards. Ethernet was
43	also simpler to build since it used an open-source protocol rather than a proprietary
44	one. Currently quite common, Ethernet is regarded as one of the key elements of the
45	Internet as we know it.
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48	
49	• Using Ethernet Cables Now
50	There are numerous varieties of Ethernet cables available because Ethernet is a
51	protocol rather than a specific sort of connection. For long-distance networking, a
52	fiber optic variant might be your best option. Copper is needed if you need power
53	over Ethernet (PoE). For faster speeds, you might choose Cat6 cable over Cat5e, or
54	vice versa depending on cost.
55	Now that you have a basic understanding of network technology, trueCable can
56	assist you in choosing the best Ethernet cable and configuration for your network,
57	whether it is at home or in the workplace. Get in touch with us right now to learn
58	more!
59	
60	The Fundamentals of Networks:
61	A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
62	resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
63	communications. The computers on a network may be connected through cables,
64	telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
65	The two main types of networks are:
66	•
67	
68	Local Area Network (LAN)
69	
70	•
71	
72	Wide Area Network (WAN)
73	
74	But also there are more like Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), a Wireless LAN
75	(WLAN), or a Wireless WAN (WWAN).
76	Let us break them down first
77	Local Area Network:
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79	
80	A network that is contained in a small geographic region—typically within the
81	same building—is known as a local area network (LAN). LANs are frequently
82	used in settings like small business networks and WiFi networks at homes.
83	
84	Although LANs can be fairly large, it is usually more accurate to designate them as
85	wide area networks (WAN) or metropolitan area networks (MAN) if they occupy
86	numerous buildings.
87	
88	Figure 2 Local Area Network
89	
90	➢ How does a LAN work?
91	A router serves as the hub where the majority of LANs connect to the Internet. While
92	LANs in bigger settings may also include network switches for more effective
93	packet delivery, home LANs typically use a single router.
94	
95	LANs virtually always connect devices within the network using Ethernet, WiFi, or
96	both. Ethernet is a physical network connection protocol that needs Ethernet cables
97	to be used. WiFi is a radio protocol that allows users to connect to a network.
98	
99	Servers, desktop and laptop computers, printers, IoT devices, game consoles, and
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102	
103	more can all connect to LANs. LANs are frequently used in offices to give internal
104	staff members shared access to connected printers or servers.
105	
106	➢ Equipment needed for LAN
107	All that is needed for the most basic Internet-connected LANs is a router and a
108	means for computer devices to connect to it, like Ethernet cables or WiFi hotspots.
109	For data exchange, LANs without an Internet connection require switches. For big
110	LANs—like those in office buildings—to send data to the appropriate devices more
111	effectively, more routers or switches may be required.
112	Not every LAN has an Internet connection. Actually, LANs existed before the
113	Internet; they were initially implemented in enterprises in the late 1970s. (The
114	network protocols used by these outdated LANs are no longer in use.) The ability for
115	the linked devices to exchange data is the only prerequisite for setting up a LAN.
116	This typically calls for a network switch or other piece of packet switching hardware.
117	These days, Internet-based networking protocols (such IP) are utilized even by local
118	area networks (LANs) that are not connected to the Internet.
119	
120	➢ A virtual LAN: what is it?
121	Divide traffic between two networks on the same physical network by using virtual
122	local area networks, or VLANs. Imagine putting up two different LANs in the same
123	room, each with its own router and Internet connection. Similar to that, except
124	instead of physically dividing them using hardware, VLANs split them
125	electronically using software; only one router and one Internet connection are
126	required.
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129	
130	Especially for very large LANs, VLANs aid in network management. Network
131	administrators may much more simply administer the network by segmenting it.
132	(VLANs are distinct from subnets, which are additional network subdividing
133	techniques for increased effectiveness.)
134	What is a wide area network (WAN)?
135	An extensive computer network that spans great distances to link groups of
136	computers is called a wide area network (WAN). Large companies frequently utilize
137	wide area networks, or WANs, to connect their office networks. WANs are used to
138	connect the local area networks, or LANs, that are normally connected by each
139	office's own LAN. There are numerous techniques to establish these lengthy
140	connections, such as IP tunnels, VPNs, and leased lines (see below).
141	The concept of a wide area network (WAN) is somewhat expansive. In theory, a wide
142	area network (WAN) is any sizable network that spans a significant
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145	
146	geographic area. One can think of the Internet as a WAN itself.
147	
148	Figure 3 wide area network
149	
150	LAN vs. WAN
151	LANs normally share a single central point of Internet connectivity and are
152	contained inside a region. Long-distance network connectivity is what WANs are
153	made for. Usually, they consist of multiple LANs that are connected. When an
154	organization sets up its own wide area network (WAN), it nearly always depends on
155	network equipment that is not under its control. For instance, a business that has
156	offices in New York and Paris will need to transport data between these locations
157	via underwater cables that span the Atlantic Ocean.
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159	
160	A WAN often consists of several switches and routers. A local area network (LAN)
161	can connect to switches as well as the Internet with just one router, if that's what it
162	needs.
163	
164	➢ Simple brief about ‘WAN’ and ‘WLAN’
165	1. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
166	A MAN covers a metropolitan area, larger than a
167	LAN but smaller than a WAN. It can encompass a
168	city, college campus, or even a large business
169	complex.
170	MANs often serve as backbones for connecting
171	multiple LANs within a city and provide high-speed
172	
173	Figure 4 Metropolitan Area Network
174	
175	data transfer between them. They offer a middle ground between the scale of a
176	LAN and the reach of a WAN.
177	2. Wireless LAN (WLAN):
178	WLAN stands for Wireless Local Area Network. It's a type of LAN that
179	uses radio waves instead of physical cables to connect devices within
180	a limited area, like a home, office, or school. Here's a breakdown of
181	what WLAN offers:
182	
183	Figure 5 WLAN
184	
185	Wireless Connectivity: WLAN eliminates the need for cables, providing flexibility
186	and ease of movement for devices within the network's range.
187	Internet Access: WLANs often connect to a router or access point that provides
188	internet access to all connected devices.
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191	
192	Data Sharing: Devices on a WLAN can share resources like files, printers, and
193	scanners.
194	WLAN is essentially what most people refer to when they say "Wi-Fi".
195	
196	Basic network components:
197	Connecting devices, sometimes referred to as networking devices or interconnection
198	devices, are hardware components that link different parts of a network, enabling
199	data to be sent and received along different routes.
200	Connecting devices are pivotal to your network design, each with their own
201	specific functions:
202	
203	• Hub
204	This is a simple device that connects multiple devices
205	on a network. It receives information from one
206	connection and then sends it out to all others. In many
207	modern networks, hubs are replaced with switches.
208	There are three types of hubs:
209	
210	Figure 6 hub
211	
212	Passive hubs or concentrators: do not amplify or regenerate incoming signals
213	before rebroadcasting them to the Network Hub via Allied Electronicsnetwork.
214	They do not improve the performance of local area networks (LANs), and may
215	limit maximum media distances. Typically, passive hubs are connected to other
216	devices in a star configuration.
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219	
220	Active hubs or multiport repeaters: amplify the incoming electrical signals that
221	contain data packets. They maximize network media distances and follow the same
222	rules as repeaters. Although active hubs do not prioritize data packets, they can be
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